Ñîöèàëüíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ïîíÿòèÿ otium â ñî÷èíåíèÿõ Öèöåðîíà

Juvenis scientia. 2017. ¹ 1. Ñ. 45–47.

ñ.45

Ñòà­òüÿ ïîñâÿ­ùå­íà àíà­ëè­çó ñîöè­àëü­íî-ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêî­ãî ïîíÿ­òèÿ oti­um â îöåí­êå Öèöå­ðî­íà íà îñíî­âå êîí­òåêñò­íîé ñåìàí­òè­êè. Ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um èñïîëü­çó­åò­ñÿ Öèöå­ðî­íîì, ñ îäíîé ñòî­ðî­íû, â ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêîì ñìûñ­ëå — êàê ìèð, ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèå âíóò­ðè / âíå Ðèìà èëè êàê óõîä îò ãîñóäàð­ñò­âåí­íûõ äåë (âûíóæ­äåí­íûé èëè äîá­ðî­âîëü­íûé). Ñ äðó­ãîé ñòî­ðî­íû, oti­um ÿâëÿ­åò­ñÿ ñîöè­àëü­íîé êàòå­ãî­ðè­åé è ïîä­ðà­çó­ìå­âà­åò äîñóã, ñâî­áîä­íîå âðå­ìÿ.  ïîñëåä­íåì çíà­÷å­íèè öèöå­ðî­íîâ­ñêîå ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um îçíà­÷à­åò ëèáî âðå­ìÿ äëÿ ïàñ­ñèâ­íûõ ïîçíà­âà­òåëü­íûõ çàíÿ­òèé (íàïðè­ìåð, äëÿ èçó­÷å­íèÿ ãðå­÷å­ñêî­ãî ôèëî­ñîô­ñêî­ãî íàñëåäèÿ), ëèáî âðå­ìÿ äëÿ àêòèâ­íûõ ïîçíà­âà­òåëü­íûõ çàíÿ­òèé (íàïðè­ìåð, äëÿ ïèñà­òåëü­ñêîé äåÿ­òåëü­íî­ñòè).

Êëþ­÷å­âûå ñëî­âà: Öèöå­ðîí, Äðåâ­íèé Ðèì, oti­um, ìèð, äîñóã, ñîöè­àëü­íûé, ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêèé.

Ari­na Bra­go­va (Nizhny Nov­go­rod Sta­te Uni­ver­si­ty of Lin­guis­tics). The So­cial and Po­li­ti­cal Mea­ning of the Con­cept “oti­um” in Ci­ce­ro’s Wri­tings

The ar­tic­le is de­vo­ted to the ana­ly­sis of the so­cial and po­li­ti­cal con­cept oti­um in Ci­ce­ro’s as­sessment ba­sed on the con­tex­tual se­man­tics. The con­cept oti­um is used by Ci­ce­ro, on the one hand, in a po­li­ti­cal sen­se — as pea­ce, tran­quil­li­ty in / out­si­de Ro­me or as re­ti­re­ment from pub­lic af­fairs (for­ced or vo­lun­ta­ry). On the ot­her hand, oti­um is a so­cial ca­te­go­ry and means lei­su­re, free ti­me. In this mea­ning Ci­ce­ro’s con­cept oti­um means eit­her ti­me for pas­si­ve cog­ni­ti­ve exer­ci­ses (for example, for stu­dying the Greek phi­lo­sop­hi­cal he­ri­ta­ge) or ti­me for ac­ti­ve cog­ni­ti­ve exer­ci­ses (for example, for wri­ting books).

Keywords: Ci­ce­ro, An­cient Ro­me, oti­um, pea­ce, lei­su­re, so­cial, po­li­ti­cal.

Ñî÷è­íå­íèÿ Öèöå­ðî­íà ñîäåð­æàò îïðå­äå­ëåí­íûé ïîíÿ­òèé­íûé àïïà­ðàò, êîòî­ðûé ñîñòî­èò êàê èç èñêîí­íî ðèì­ñêèõ ïîíÿ­òèé (auc­to­ri­tas, dig­ni­tas, oti­um, mo­res majo­rum, op­ti­ma­tes è äð.), òàê è èç äðåâ­íå­ãðå­÷å­ñêèõ, íàïðè­ìåð, âçÿ­òûõ èç ó÷å­íèÿ ñòî­è­êîâ î ïðàê­òè­÷å­ñêîé ýòè­êå (vir bo­nus, pru­den­tia, jus­ti­tia, be­ne­fi­cen­tia, mag­ni­tu­do ani­mi, tem­pe­ran­tia è äð.).  ñòà­òüå ðå÷ü ïîé­äåò î ðèì­ñêîì ïîíÿ­òèè oti­um è àíà­ëè­çå åãî óïîòðåá­ëå­íèÿ Öèöå­ðî­íîì.

Íàó÷­íàÿ ëèòå­ðà­òó­ðà î ïîíÿ­òèè oti­um ó äðåâ­íå­ðèì­ñêèõ àâòî­ðîâ, â ÷àñò­íî­ñòè, ó Öèöå­ðî­íà, äîâîëü­íî îáøèð­íà [1, ñ. 160–161; 2, ñ. 41–68; 3, ñ. 20, 83–87, 103, 146–147; 4, ñ. 106–107; 5, ñ. 56–59; 6, ñ. 113–127; 7, ñ. 144–155; 8, ñ. 43–50; 9, ñ. 12, 291; 10, ñ. 3–26; 11, ñ. 92–93; 12, ñ. 5–16; 13, ñ. 193–199; 14, ñ. 77–78; 15, ñ. 370; 16, ñ. 125; 17, ñ. 35–36; 18, ñ. 32; 19, ñ. 34–42, 48–49, 52, 61–62; 20, ñ. 68; 21, ñ. 70–71; 22, ñ. 57–58; 23, ñ. 33–34; 24, ñ. 18]. Ýòî ñâÿ­çà­íî, ïî-âèäè­ìî­ìó, ñ ìíî­ãî­îá­ðà­çè­åì òî÷åê çðå­íèÿ ïî äàí­íî­ìó âîïðî­ñó â èññëå­äî­âà­òåëü­ñêîé ëèòå­ðà­òó­ðå. Ìû ïîëà­ãà­åì, ÷òî ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um ÿâëÿ­åò­ñÿ îäíèì èç áàçî­âûõ ïîíÿ­òèé äëÿ ðèì­ñêî­ãî îáùå­ñòâà ïîçä­íå­ðåñ­ïóá­ëè­êàí­ñêî­ãî ïåðè­î­äà, âàæ­íî äëÿ ïîíè­ìà­íèÿ ïðî­öåñ­ñîâ, ïðî­õî­äèâ­øèõ â íåì, è èìåí­íî ïîýòî­ìó ïðè­âëå­êà­åò âíè­ìà­íèå èññëå­äî­âà­òå­ëåé.

Ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um âñòðå­÷à­åò­ñÿ â ñî÷è­íå­íè­ÿõ Öèöå­ðî­íà íåîä­íî­êðàò­íî, ïðè­÷åì êàê â ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêîì (ïðè­÷åì Öèöå­ðîí áûë ïåð­âûì, êòî èñïîëü­çî­âàë oti­um â ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêèì êîí­òåê­ñòå [13, ñ. 194; 3, ñ. 84]) (íàïðè­ìåð, Cic. Ad Att. 1. 14. 4, 1. 17. 5–6, 1. 20. 5, 2. 1. 4, 2. 1. 11, 2. 14. 1, 4. 6. 2, 5. 14. 1, 6. 1. 11, 7. 7. 5, 7. 18. 2, 9. 7. 1, 9. 11. 2, 9. 11a. 1, 14. 2. 3, 14. 21. 2614. 21. 4, 14. 22. 1, 15. 1. 4, 15. 2. 3, 16. 16b. 2, 16. 16c. 3; Ad Brut. 1. 2a. 1, 1. 15. 4; Ad fam. 1. 8. 4, 1. 9. 10, 1. 9. 21, 2. 13. 3, 2. 16. 2, 2. 17. 5, 2. 18. 3, 3. 7. 1, 4. 4. 4, 4. 9. 3, 5. 7. 1, 5. 21. 2, 9. 9. 1, 10. 32. 5, 11. 2. 2, 11. 20. 4, 11. 28. 8, 12. 1. 1, 12. 17. 1; Ad Q. fr. 1. 1. 25, 1. 1. 34, 2. 13. 5, 3. 5. 5; De off. 1. 77, 2. 41; De orat. 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 32, 2. 143, 2. 144, 3. 122, 3. 131; De rep. 1. 6, 1. 63, 2. 26, 2. 43; De nat. deor. 1. 7; De prov. con­s. 24, 39; In Pis. 4, 30; Pro Sest. 5, 15, 46, 74, 98–100, 104, 110, 138, 139; Pro Sul. 26 è äð. ñî÷.), òàê è â îáùå­ñò­âåí­íî-ôèëî­ñîô­ñêîì, ñîöè­àëü­íîì çíà­÷å­íèè (íàïðè­ìåð, Cic. Ad Att. 1. 5. 4, 1. 6. 1, 1. 7, 1. 19. 1, 2. 3. 4, 2. 4. 2, 2. 6. 1, 2. 14. 2, 4. 16. 2, 5. 20. 9, 12. 40. 2, 14. 8. 2; Ad Q. fr. 2. 2. 1, 2. 12. 2, 2. 15. 1, 3. 9. 2; Ad fam. 2. 9. 3, 3. 11. 4, 6. 18. 5, 7. 1. 1, 7. 33. 2, 8. 1. 1, 10. 28. 3, 10. 31. 6, 11. 29. 3, 12. 30. 1, 15. 4. 16; De leg. 1. 9, 3. 14; De off. 1. 69, 1. 153, 1. 156, 2. 4, 3. 1–3; De rep. 1. 1, 1. 7–9, 1. 14, 3. 4; Orat. 108; De orat. 1. 3, 1. 14, 1. 22, 1. 57, 1. 79, 1. 95, 1. 164, 1. 224, 1. 255, 2. 19–20, 2. 22, 2. 57, 2. 59, 2. 139, 3. 56–58, 3. 211; Pro Balb. 15; Pro Cael. 1; Pro Planc. 66; Pro Sest. 57; Pro Arch. 3, 12; Pro Flac. 75). Ñî÷è­íå­íèÿ, êàê ìû âèäèì, èìå­þò ðàç­íóþ íàïðàâ­ëåí­íîñòü (ðå÷è, ôèëî­ñîô­ñêèå è ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêèå òðàê­òà­òû, ïèñü­ìà), ÷òî ïîç­âî­ëÿ­åò ñäå­ëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî Öèöå­ðîí èñïîëü­çî­âàë äàí­íîå ïîíÿ­òèå ñèñòå­ìà­òè­÷å­ñêè.

 ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêîì êîí­òåê­ñòå oti­um, âî-ïåð­âûõ, ïîä­ðà­çó­ìå­âà­åò ìèð â Ðèì­ñêîé ðåñ­ïóá­ëè­êå (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 14. 4, 6. 1. 11, 7. 7. 5, 9. 7. 1, 14. 21. 2, 14. 21. 4, 14. 22. 1, 15. 1. 5, 15. 2. 3; Ad fam. 12. 1. 1, 12. 17. 1; Ad Q. fr. 2. 13. 5; De off. 1. 77, 2. 41). Íàïðè­ìåð, â ïèñü­ìå Àòòè­êó Öèöå­ðîí ïèøåò, ÷òî îí íå óäèâ­ëÿ­åò­ñÿ, ÷òî Àòòèê âîç­ëà­ãà­åò íà Ïîì­ïåÿ âñÿ­êóþ íàäåæ­äó íà ìèð (spem om­nem oti) (Cic. Ad Att. 6. 1. 11).  ýòîì îòðûâ­êå ðå÷ü ÿâíî èäåò îá oti­um êàê àíòî­íè­ìå ãðàæ­äàí­ñêîé âîé­íû [19, ñ. 49]. Âî-âòî­ðûõ, oti­um óïîòðåá­ëÿ­åò­ñÿ Öèöå­ðî­íîì äëÿ îáî­çíà­÷å­íèÿ ñ.46 ìèðà, ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèÿ, îòñóò­ñò­âèÿ âîåí­íûõ äåé­ñò­âèé çà ïðå­äå­ëà­ìè Ðèì­ñêîé ðåñ­ïóá­ëè­êè: â Ãàë­ëèè (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 20. 5, 2. 1. 4, 2. 1. 11), íà ãðà­íè­öå ñ ïàð­ôÿ­íà­ìè (Cic. Ad Att. 5. 14. 1), â Ñèðèè (Cic. Ad fam. 2. 17. 5), â Àçèè (Cic. Ad Q. fr. 1. 1. 34). Òàê, íàïðè­ìåð, â ïèñü­ìå Àòòè­êó Öèöå­ðîí ïîðè­öà­åò Ìåòåë­ëà çà òî, ÷òî òîò íå î÷åíü ðàäî­âàë­ñÿ ñîîá­ùå­íèþ î ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèè â Ãàë­ëèè (oti­um nun­tia­ri e Gal­lia non mag­no ope­re gau­det) (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 20. 5).  çíà­÷å­íèè «ìèð», «ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèå» oti­um ÷àñòî ñî÷å­òà­åò­ñÿ ñî ñëî­âà­ìè tran­quil­li­tas (Cic. In Pis. 4: tran­quil­li­ta­tis at­que otii; Pro Sest. 110: otio et tran­quil­li­ta­te rei pub­li­cae), pax (Cic. Ad Q. fr. 3. 5. 5: ad oti­um pa­cem­que con­ver­to; De prov. con­s. 39: di­li­gen­tis­si­mo cus­to­de pa­cis at­que otii; De rep. 1. 63: in pa­ce et otio, 2. 26: otii et pa­cis; In Pis. 30: bel­lum ac tu­mul­tum pa­ci at­que otio con­ces­su­rum), dig­ni­tas (Cic. Pro Sest. 98: id quod est praes­tan­tis­si­mum ma­xi­me­que op­ta­bi­le om­ni­bus sa­nis et bo­nis et bea­tis, cum dig­ni­ta­te oti­um; De orat. 1. 1: ut vel in ne­go­tio si­ne pe­ri­cu­lo vel in otio cum dig­ni­ta­te es­se pos­sent; Ad fam. 1. 9. 21: om­ni­bus no­bis in ad­mi­nistran­da re pub­li­ca pro­po­si­tum es­se de­beat id… cum dig­ni­ta­te oti­um), ÷òî ïîä­òâåð­æäà­åò ìûñëü î òîì, ÷òî oti­um äëÿ Öèöå­ðî­íà îçíà­÷à­åò ñïðà­âåä­ëè­âûé ìèð, îòñóò­ñò­âèå âîé­íû. Â-òðåòüèõ, Öèöå­ðîí èñïîëü­çó­åò oti­um êàê ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêîå ïîíÿ­òèå â çíà­÷å­íèè óõî­äà, îòñòðà­íå­íèÿ îò ãîñóäàð­ñò­âåí­íûõ äåë, êîòî­ðîå ìîæåò ñëó­÷àòü­ñÿ êàê äîá­ðî­âîëü­íî, ò. å. ïî âîëå ñàìî­ãî ïîëè­òè­êà, íàïðè­ìåð, â ñâÿ­çè ñ îòñòàâ­êîé ïî ñòà­ðî­ñòè (Cic. Ad Att. 4. 6. 2; Ad fam. 1. 17. 5, 2. 16. 2, 4. 4. 4; De orat. 1. 32), òàê è âûíóæ­äåí­íî, â ñâÿ­çè ñ îòñòðà­íå­íè­åì ïîëè­òè­êà îò âëà­ñòè, óõî­äîì â îòñòàâ­êó ïîä äàâ­ëå­íè­åì, â ñâÿ­çè ñ èçãíà­íè­åì (Cic. Ad Att. 2. 14. 1; Ad fam. 9. 9. 1; De orat. 2. 143–144, De nat. deor. 1. 7) [2, c. 45]. Íàïðè­ìåð, Öèöå­ðîí çàäà­åò­ñÿ âîïðî­ñîì î òîì, ÷òî, åñëè áû çàõî­òå­ëîñü ïðå­êðà­òèòü (çàíè­ìàòü­ñÿ ãîñóäàð­ñò­âåí­íû­ìè äåëà­ìè) è óáå­æàòü â ãàâàíü ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèÿ? (quid si ces­sa­re li­beat et in oti por­tum con­fu­ge­re?) (Cic. Ad Att. 4. 6. 2). Î âûíóæ­äåí­íîì îòäû­õå Öèöå­ðîí ïèøåò, ÷òî ìû óñòà­ëè îò áåç­äåé­ñò­âèÿ (otio lan­gue­re­mus), êîãäà îíà (ðåñ­ïóá­ëè­êà) âûíóæ­äåí­íî áûëà óïðàâ­ëÿ­å­ìà ñîâå­òîì è çàáîòîé îäíî­ãî ÷åëî­âå­êà (eam uni­us con­si­lio at­que cu­ra gu­ber­na­ri ne­ces­se es­set) (Cic. De nat. deor. 1. 7). Oti­um â çíà­÷å­íèè óõî­äà îò ãîñóäàð­ñò­âåí­íûõ äåë èíî­ãäà ñî÷å­òà­åò­ñÿ ñ ïðè­ëà­ãà­òåëü­íûì ho­nes­tus (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 17. 5: me am­bi­tio quae­dam ad ho­no­rum stu­dium, te autem alia mi­ni­me rep­re­hen­den­da ra­tio ad ho­nes­tum oti­um du­xit; Ad fam. 4. 4. 4: me­que me­tuo ne etiam in ce­te­ris re­bus ho­nes­to otio pri­va­rim, 4. 9. 3: ho­nes­to otio te­nue­ris et sta­tum et fa­mam dig­ni­ta­tis tuae, 5. 21. 2: nul­lius vim plus va­le­re vo­lui quam ho­nes­tum oti­um; Pro Sul. 26: nul­lum aliud mi­hi prae­mium ab se­na­tu po­pu­lo­que Ro­ma­no ni­si ho­nes­tum oti­um pos­tu­la­rem), ÷òî ïðè­âî­äèò ê ìûñ­ëè î òîì, ÷òî â äàí­íîì ñëó­÷àå ïîä ïîíÿ­òè­åì oti­um ïîä­ðà­çó­ìå­âà­åò­ñÿ çàñëó­æåí­íûé èëè «íåçà­ñëó­æåí­íûé» óõîä, îòäûõ îò ãîñóäàð­ñò­âåí­íûõ äåë.  ñâÿ­çè ñ ýòèì èíòå­ðåñ­íî çàìå­÷à­íèå Ñòðà­ó­ïà î òîì, ÷òî ðèì­ëÿ­íèí, ÷åé oti­um îáî­çíà­÷åí êàê ho­nes­tum, ìíî­ãî ëåò õîðî­øî ñëó­æèë íà ïîëü­çó ãîñóäàð­ñòâà. Oti­um òîãî, êòî ñëó­æèë ïëî­õî, ìîæ­íî íàçâàòü in­ho­nes­tum [19, ñ. 48]. Îá ýòîì æå ïèøåò è ÌàñÊîííåëë [23, ñ. 33].

Öèöå­ðî­íîâ­ñêîå ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um òàê­æå èìå­åò îïðå­äå­ëåí­íûé îáùå­ñò­âåí­íî-ôèëî­ñîô­ñêèé [7, ñ. 144–155; 10, ñ. 3–26; 12, ñ. 5–16; 24, ñ. 18] è ñîöè­àëü­íûé ñìûñë. Êàê çàìå­÷à­åò Ñòðà­óï, âî âðå­ìå­íà ïîçä­íåé Ðåñ­ïóá­ëè­êè oti­um îáûê­íî­âåí­íî ÿâëÿë­ñÿ ÷àñòüþ íåêî­å­ãî «ñîöè­àëü­íî­ãî êîäà» [19, ñ. 35].  îáùå­ñò­âåí­íî-ôèëî­ñîô­ñêîì è ñîöè­àëü­íîì ñìûñ­ëå oti­um ïîä­ðà­çó­ìå­âà­åò âðå­ìÿ äîñó­ãà, ñâî­áîä­íîå âðå­ìÿ. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü âðå­ìÿ, ïîòðà­÷åí­íîå íà èçó­÷å­íèå ÷åãî-ëèáî (â ñëó­÷àå ñ Öèöå­ðî­íîì è ðèì­ëÿ­íà­ìè âûñ­øåé ñòðà­òû îáùå­ñòâà ýòî, íàïðè­ìåð, èçó­÷å­íèå ãðå­÷å­ñêî­ãî ôèëî­ñîô­ñêî­ãî íàñëåäèÿ) (Cic. Ad fam. 7. 1. 1, 15. 4. 16; De orat. 2. 59; Pro Planc. 66; Pro Flac. 75), ëèáî âðå­ìÿ äëÿ àêòèâ­íûõ ïîçíà­âà­òåëü­íûõ çàíÿ­òèé (íàïðè­ìåð, äëÿ ïèñà­òåëü­ñêîé äåÿ­òåëü­íî­ñòè) (Cic. Ad Att. 12. 40. 2; Ad fam. 8. 1. 1; Pro Arch. 3, 12). Êàê ñïðà­âåä­ëè­âî çàìå­÷à­åò Ñòðà­óï, oti­um è ïîäîá­íûå òåð­ìè­íû èñïîëü­çó­þò­ñÿ äëÿ îáî­çíà­÷å­íèÿ âðå­ìå­íè äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ òåê­ñòîì (tex­tual ti­me), êîãäà èìå­þò ìåñòî èíòåë­ëåê­òó­àëü­íàÿ áåñåäà (in­tel­lec­tual dis­cus­sion) è íàïè­ñà­íèå òåê­ñòà (tex­tual pro­duc­tion): oti­um â òàêîì ñëó­÷àå îáî­çíà­÷à­åò íå ïðî­ñòîå áåç­äå­ëüå (simple inac­ti­vi­ty), à îñî­áûé âèä ðàáîòû ñ òåê­ñòîì (ra­ther a ve­ry spe­ci­fic sort of tex­tual en­ga­ge­ment) [19, c. 34]. Îá ýòîì ìîæ­íî ïðî­÷åñòü ó Öèöå­ðî­íà â òðàê­òà­òå «Îá îðà­òî­ðå», ãäå îò èìå­íè Ìàð­êà Àíòî­íèÿ îí ïèøåò î òîì, ÷òî òîò èìå­åò îáûê­íî­âå­íèå ÷èòàòü äëÿ óäî­âîëü­ñò­âèÿ, êîãäà åñòü ñâî­áîä­íîå âðå­ìÿ (de­lec­ta­tio­nis cau­sa, cum est oti­um, le­ge­re so­leo) (Cic. De orat. 2. 59). Î ïèñà­òåëü­ñòâå Öèöå­ðîí çàìå­÷à­åò, ÷òî «òðå­áó­åò­ñÿ ìíî­ãî ñâî­áîä­íî­ãî âðå­ìå­íè íå òîëü­êî çàïè­ñàòü îá ýòîì (î ñîáû­òè­ÿõ, ïðî­èñ­õî­äÿ­ùèõ â Ðèìå), íî âîîá­ùå çà ýòèì ïîíà­áëþäàòü» (cujus otii es­set non mo­do perscri­be­re haec, sed om­ni­no ani­mad­ver­te­re) (Cic. Ad fam. 8. 1. 1). Èíòå­ðåñ­íî, ÷òî â çíà­÷å­íèè «äîñóã» ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um ÷àñòî ñî÷å­òà­åò­ñÿ ñ òàêè­ìè ñëî­âà­ìè, êàê stu­dium (Cic. De orat. 1. 22; otio stu­dio­que abun­dan­tis par­ti­tio­nem jam quan­dam ar­tium fe­cis­se vi­deo; Pro Arch. 3: oti­um ac stu­dium mi­ni­me in judi­ciis pe­ri­cu­lis­que trac­ta­ta est), re­quies (Cic. De orat. 1. 224: phi­lo­sop­ho­rum autem lib­ros re­ser­vet si­bi ad hujus­ce mo­di Tus­cu­la­ni re­quiem at­que oti­um), phi­lo­sop­hia (Cic. Ad fam. 15. 4. 16: so­cie­tas stu­dio­rum at­que ar­tium nostra­rum, qui­bus a pue­ri­tia de­di­ti ac de­vincti so­li pro­pe­mo­dum nos phi­lo­sop­hiam ve­ram il­lam et an­ti­quam, quae qui­bus­dam otii es­se ac de­si­diae vi­de­tur). Êðî­ìå òîãî, oti­um â çíà­÷å­íèè «ñâî­áîä­íîå âðå­ìÿ» â êàêèõ-òî ïàñ­ñà­æàõ ñî÷å­òà­åò­ñÿ ñ ïîíÿ­òè­åì ne­go­tium «äåëî», «çàíÿ­òèå», «ðàáîòà» (Cic. De off. 1. 156: Nec enim lo­cus ul­lus est prae­ter­mis­sus ab iis, qui ad le­ges, qui ad mo­res, qui ad dis­cip­li­nam rei pub­li­cae per­ti­ne­ret, ut oti­um suum ad nostrum ne­go­tium con­tu­lis­se vi­dean­tur), à â êàêèõ-òî — ïðî­òè­âî­ïî­ñòàâ­ëÿ­åò­ñÿ (Cic. De orat. 1. 1: ut vel in ne­go­tio si­ne pe­ri­cu­lo vel in otio cum dig­ni­ta­te es­se pos­sent), è òàêàÿ àíòè­òå­çà oti­um — ne­go­tium ïîä­òâåð­æäà­åò èäåþ î ïîíè­ìà­íèè oti­um êàê ñâî­áîä­íî­ãî âðå­ìå­íè.

Òàêèì îáðà­çîì, öèöå­ðî­íîâ­ñêîå ïîíÿ­òèå oti­um äîâîëü­íî ìíî­ãî­çíà÷­íî. Êàê ïîëè­òè­÷å­ñêàÿ êàòå­ãî­ðèÿ îíî îçíà­÷à­åò ìèð è ñïî­êîé­ñò­âèå êàê âíóò­ðè, òàê è çà ïðå­äå­ëà­ìè Ðèìà, à òàê­æå çàñëó­æåí­íûé îòäûõ ïîñëå ìíî­ãî­ëåò­íå­ãî ñëó­æå­íèÿ ãîñóäàð­ñòâó. Êàê ñîöè­àëü­íàÿ êàòå­ãî­ðèÿ oti­um ïîä­ðà­çó­ìå­âà­åò äîñóã, ñâî­áîä­íîå âðå­ìÿ, êîòî­ðîå ìîæ­íî èñïîëü­çî­âàòü äëÿ ÷òå­íèÿ èëè ïèñà­òåëü­ñêîé äåÿ­òåëü­íî­ñòè.

Ëèòå­ðà­òó­ðà

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ñ.47

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