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Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Öèöåðîí, Äðåâíèé Ðèì, otium, ìèð, äîñóã, ñîöèàëüíûé, ïîëèòè÷åñêèé.
Arina Bragova (Nizhny Novgorod State University of Linguistics). The Social and Political Meaning of the Concept “otium” in Cicero’s Writings
Keywords: Cicero, Ancient Rome, otium, peace, leisure, social, political.
Ñî÷èíåíèÿ Öèöåðîíà ñîäåðæàò îïðåäåëåííûé ïîíÿòèéíûé àïïàðàò, êîòîðûé ñîñòîèò êàê èç èñêîííî ðèìñêèõ ïîíÿòèé (auctoritas, dignitas, otium, mores majorum, optimates è äð.), òàê è èç äðåâíåãðå÷åñêèõ, íàïðèìåð, âçÿòûõ èç ó÷åíèÿ ñòîèêîâ î ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ýòèêå (vir bonus, prudentia, justitia, beneficentia, magnitudo animi, temperantia è äð.).  ñòàòüå ðå÷ü ïîéäåò î ðèìñêîì ïîíÿòèè otium è àíàëèçå åãî óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Öèöåðîíîì.
Íàó÷íàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà î ïîíÿòèè otium ó äðåâíåðèìñêèõ àâòîðîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ó Öèöåðîíà, äîâîëüíî îáøèðíà [1, ñ. 160–161; 2, ñ. 41–68; 3, ñ. 20, 83–87, 103, 146–147; 4, ñ. 106–107; 5, ñ. 56–59; 6, ñ. 113–127; 7, ñ. 144–155; 8, ñ. 43–50; 9, ñ. 12, 291; 10, ñ. 3–26; 11, ñ. 92–93; 12, ñ. 5–16; 13, ñ. 193–199; 14, ñ. 77–78; 15, ñ. 370; 16, ñ. 125; 17, ñ. 35–36; 18, ñ. 32; 19, ñ. 34–42, 48–49, 52, 61–62; 20, ñ. 68; 21, ñ. 70–71; 22, ñ. 57–58; 23, ñ. 33–34; 24, ñ. 18]. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñ ìíîãîîáðàçèåì òî÷åê çðåíèÿ ïî äàííîìó âîïðîñó â èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Ìû ïîëàãàåì, ÷òî ïîíÿòèå otium ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç áàçîâûõ ïîíÿòèé äëÿ ðèìñêîãî îáùåñòâà ïîçäíåðåñïóáëèêàíñêîãî ïåðèîäà, âàæíî äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ, ïðîõîäèâøèõ â íåì, è èìåííî ïîýòîìó ïðèâëåêàåò âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëåé.
Ïîíÿòèå otium âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ñî÷èíåíèÿõ Öèöåðîíà íåîäíîêðàòíî, ïðè÷åì êàê â ïîëèòè÷åñêîì (ïðè÷åì Öèöåðîí áûë ïåðâûì, êòî èñïîëüçîâàë otium â ïîëèòè÷åñêèì êîíòåêñòå [13, ñ. 194; 3, ñ. 84]) (íàïðèìåð, Cic. Ad Att. 1. 14. 4, 1. 17. 5–6, 1. 20. 5, 2. 1. 4, 2. 1. 11, 2. 14. 1, 4. 6. 2, 5. 14. 1, 6. 1. 11, 7. 7. 5, 7. 18. 2, 9. 7. 1, 9. 11. 2, 9. 11a. 1, 14. 2. 3, 14. 21. 2614. 21. 4, 14. 22. 1, 15. 1. 4, 15. 2. 3, 16. 16b. 2, 16. 16c. 3; Ad Brut. 1. 2a. 1, 1. 15. 4; Ad fam. 1. 8. 4, 1. 9. 10, 1. 9. 21, 2. 13. 3, 2. 16. 2, 2. 17. 5, 2. 18. 3, 3. 7. 1, 4. 4. 4, 4. 9. 3, 5. 7. 1, 5. 21. 2, 9. 9. 1, 10. 32. 5, 11. 2. 2, 11. 20. 4, 11. 28. 8, 12. 1. 1, 12. 17. 1; Ad Q. fr. 1. 1. 25, 1. 1. 34, 2. 13. 5, 3. 5. 5; De off. 1. 77, 2. 41; De orat. 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 32, 2. 143, 2. 144, 3. 122, 3. 131; De rep. 1. 6, 1. 63, 2. 26, 2. 43; De nat. deor. 1. 7; De prov. cons. 24, 39; In Pis. 4, 30; Pro Sest. 5, 15, 46, 74, 98–100, 104, 110, 138, 139; Pro Sul. 26 è äð. ñî÷.), òàê è â îáùåñòâåííî-ôèëîñîôñêîì, ñîöèàëüíîì çíà÷åíèè (íàïðèìåð, Cic. Ad Att. 1. 5. 4, 1. 6. 1, 1. 7, 1. 19. 1, 2. 3. 4, 2. 4. 2, 2. 6. 1, 2. 14. 2, 4. 16. 2, 5. 20. 9, 12. 40. 2, 14. 8. 2; Ad Q. fr. 2. 2. 1, 2. 12. 2, 2. 15. 1, 3. 9. 2; Ad fam. 2. 9. 3, 3. 11. 4, 6. 18. 5, 7. 1. 1, 7. 33. 2, 8. 1. 1, 10. 28. 3, 10. 31. 6, 11. 29. 3, 12. 30. 1, 15. 4. 16; De leg. 1. 9, 3. 14; De off. 1. 69, 1. 153, 1. 156, 2. 4, 3. 1–3; De rep. 1. 1, 1. 7–9, 1. 14, 3. 4; Orat. 108; De orat. 1. 3, 1. 14, 1. 22, 1. 57, 1. 79, 1. 95, 1. 164, 1. 224, 1. 255, 2. 19–20, 2. 22, 2. 57, 2. 59, 2. 139, 3. 56–58, 3. 211; Pro Balb. 15; Pro Cael. 1; Pro Planc. 66; Pro Sest. 57; Pro Arch. 3, 12; Pro Flac. 75). Ñî÷èíåíèÿ, êàê ìû âèäèì, èìåþò ðàçíóþ íàïðàâëåííîñòü (ðå÷è, ôèëîñîôñêèå è ïîëèòè÷åñêèå òðàêòàòû, ïèñüìà), ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî Öèöåðîí èñïîëüçîâàë äàííîå ïîíÿòèå ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè.
 ïîëèòè÷åñêîì êîíòåêñòå otium, âî-ïåðâûõ, ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ìèð â Ðèìñêîé ðåñïóáëèêå (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 14. 4, 6. 1. 11, 7. 7. 5, 9. 7. 1, 14. 21. 2, 14. 21. 4, 14. 22. 1, 15. 1. 5, 15. 2. 3; Ad fam. 12. 1. 1, 12. 17. 1; Ad Q. fr. 2. 13. 5; De off. 1. 77, 2. 41). Íàïðèìåð, â ïèñüìå Àòòèêó Öèöåðîí ïèøåò, ÷òî îí íå óäèâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî Àòòèê âîçëàãàåò íà Ïîìïåÿ âñÿêóþ íàäåæäó íà ìèð (spem omnem oti) (Cic. Ad Att. 6. 1. 11).  ýòîì îòðûâêå ðå÷ü ÿâíî èäåò îá otium êàê àíòîíèìå ãðàæäàíñêîé âîéíû [19, ñ. 49]. Âî-âòîðûõ, otium óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Öèöåðîíîì äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ñ.46 ìèðà, ñïîêîéñòâèÿ, îòñóòñòâèÿ âîåííûõ äåéñòâèé çà ïðåäåëàìè Ðèìñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè: â Ãàëëèè (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 20. 5, 2. 1. 4, 2. 1. 11), íà ãðàíèöå ñ ïàðôÿíàìè (Cic. Ad Att. 5. 14. 1), â Ñèðèè (Cic. Ad fam. 2. 17. 5), â Àçèè (Cic. Ad Q. fr. 1. 1. 34). Òàê, íàïðèìåð, â ïèñüìå Àòòèêó Öèöåðîí ïîðèöàåò Ìåòåëëà çà òî, ÷òî òîò íå î÷åíü ðàäîâàëñÿ ñîîáùåíèþ î ñïîêîéñòâèè â Ãàëëèè (otium nuntiari e Gallia non magno opere gaudet) (Cic. Ad Att. 1. 20. 5).  çíà÷åíèè «ìèð», «ñïîêîéñòâèå» otium ÷àñòî ñî÷åòàåòñÿ ñî ñëîâàìè tranquillitas (Cic. In Pis. 4: tranquillitatis atque otii; Pro Sest. 110: otio et tranquillitate rei publicae), pax (Cic. Ad Q. fr. 3. 5. 5: ad otium pacemque converto; De prov. cons. 39: diligentissimo custode pacis atque otii; De rep. 1. 63: in pace et otio, 2. 26: otii et pacis; In Pis. 30: bellum ac tumultum paci atque otio concessurum), dignitas (Cic. Pro Sest. 98: id quod est praestantissimum maximeque optabile omnibus sanis et bonis et beatis, cum dignitate otium; De orat. 1. 1: ut vel in negotio sine periculo vel in otio cum dignitate esse possent; Ad fam. 1. 9. 21: omnibus nobis in administranda re publica propositum esse debeat id… cum dignitate otium), ÷òî ïîäòâåðæäàåò ìûñëü î òîì, ÷òî otium äëÿ Öèöåðîíà îçíà÷àåò ñïðàâåäëèâûé ìèð, îòñóòñòâèå âîéíû. Â-òðåòüèõ, Öèöåðîí èñïîëüçóåò otium êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ïîíÿòèå â çíà÷åíèè óõîäà, îòñòðàíåíèÿ îò ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ äåë, êîòîðîå ìîæåò ñëó÷àòüñÿ êàê äîáðîâîëüíî,
Öèöåðîíîâñêîå ïîíÿòèå otium òàêæå èìååò îïðåäåëåííûé îáùåñòâåííî-ôèëîñîôñêèé [7, ñ. 144–155; 10, ñ. 3–26; 12, ñ. 5–16; 24, ñ. 18] è ñîöèàëüíûé ñìûñë. Êàê çàìå÷àåò Ñòðàóï, âî âðåìåíà ïîçäíåé Ðåñïóáëèêè otium îáûêíîâåííî ÿâëÿëñÿ ÷àñòüþ íåêîåãî «ñîöèàëüíîãî êîäà» [19, ñ. 35].  îáùåñòâåííî-ôèëîñîôñêîì è ñîöèàëüíîì ñìûñëå otium ïîäðàçóìåâàåò âðåìÿ äîñóãà, ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü âðåìÿ, ïîòðà÷åííîå íà èçó÷åíèå ÷åãî-ëèáî (â ñëó÷àå ñ Öèöåðîíîì è ðèìëÿíàìè âûñøåé ñòðàòû îáùåñòâà ýòî, íàïðèìåð, èçó÷åíèå ãðå÷åñêîãî ôèëîñîôñêîãî íàñëåäèÿ) (Cic. Ad fam. 7. 1. 1, 15. 4. 16; De orat. 2. 59; Pro Planc. 66; Pro Flac. 75), ëèáî âðåìÿ äëÿ àêòèâíûõ ïîçíàâàòåëüíûõ çàíÿòèé (íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ïèñàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè) (Cic. Ad Att. 12. 40. 2; Ad fam. 8. 1. 1; Pro Arch. 3, 12). Êàê ñïðàâåäëèâî çàìå÷àåò Ñòðàóï, otium è ïîäîáíûå òåðìèíû èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè äëÿ ðàáîòû ñ òåêñòîì (textual time), êîãäà èìåþò ìåñòî èíòåëëåêòóàëüíàÿ áåñåäà (intellectual discussion) è íàïèñàíèå òåêñòà (textual production): otium â òàêîì ñëó÷àå îáîçíà÷àåò íå ïðîñòîå áåçäåëüå (simple inactivity), à îñîáûé âèä ðàáîòû ñ òåêñòîì (rather a very specific sort of textual engagement) [19, c. 34]. Îá ýòîì ìîæíî ïðî÷åñòü ó Öèöåðîíà â òðàêòàòå «Îá îðàòîðå», ãäå îò èìåíè Ìàðêà Àíòîíèÿ îí ïèøåò î òîì, ÷òî òîò èìååò îáûêíîâåíèå ÷èòàòü äëÿ óäîâîëüñòâèÿ, êîãäà åñòü ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ (delectationis causa, cum est otium, legere soleo) (Cic. De orat. 2. 59). Î ïèñàòåëüñòâå Öèöåðîí çàìå÷àåò, ÷òî «òðåáóåòñÿ ìíîãî ñâîáîäíîãî âðåìåíè íå òîëüêî çàïèñàòü îá ýòîì (î ñîáûòèÿõ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèõ â Ðèìå), íî âîîáùå çà ýòèì ïîíàáëþäàòü» (cujus otii esset non modo perscribere haec, sed omnino animadvertere) (Cic. Ad fam. 8. 1. 1). Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî â çíà÷åíèè «äîñóã» ïîíÿòèå otium ÷àñòî ñî÷åòàåòñÿ ñ òàêèìè ñëîâàìè, êàê studium (Cic. De orat. 1. 22; otio studioque abundantis partitionem jam quandam artium fecisse video; Pro Arch. 3: otium ac studium minime in judiciis periculisque tractata est), requies (Cic. De orat. 1. 224: philosophorum autem libros reservet sibi ad hujusce modi Tusculani requiem atque otium), philosophia (Cic. Ad fam. 15. 4. 16: societas studiorum atque artium nostrarum, quibus a pueritia dediti ac devincti soli propemodum nos philosophiam veram illam et antiquam, quae quibusdam otii esse ac desidiae videtur). Êðîìå òîãî, otium â çíà÷åíèè «ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ» â êàêèõ-òî ïàññàæàõ ñî÷åòàåòñÿ ñ ïîíÿòèåì negotium «äåëî», «çàíÿòèå», «ðàáîòà» (Cic. De off. 1. 156: Nec enim locus ullus est praetermissus ab iis, qui ad leges, qui ad mores, qui ad disciplinam rei publicae pertineret, ut otium suum ad nostrum negotium contulisse videantur), à â êàêèõ-òî — ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿåòñÿ (Cic. De orat. 1. 1: ut vel in negotio sine periculo vel in otio cum dignitate esse possent), è òàêàÿ àíòèòåçà otium — negotium ïîäòâåðæäàåò èäåþ î ïîíèìàíèè otium êàê ñâîáîäíîãî âðåìåíè.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, öèöåðîíîâñêîå ïîíÿòèå otium äîâîëüíî ìíîãîçíà÷íî. Êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ êàòåãîðèÿ îíî îçíà÷àåò ìèð è ñïîêîéñòâèå êàê âíóòðè, òàê è çà ïðåäåëàìè Ðèìà, à òàêæå çàñëóæåííûé îòäûõ ïîñëå ìíîãîëåòíåãî ñëóæåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâó. Êàê ñîöèàëüíàÿ êàòåãîðèÿ otium ïîäðàçóìåâàåò äîñóã, ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ, êîòîðîå ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ èëè ïèñàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
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