Ðèìñêèé ïàòðèîòèçì è êóëüòóðíàÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòü â ýïîõó Èìïåðèè
Èññëåäîâàíèå âûïîëíåíî ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå ÐÃÍÔ, ïðîåêò ¹ 13-01-00088.
OCR: Ð. Ë. Ãóòîâñêèé.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïàòðèîòèçì, Äðåâíèé Ðèì, Ðèìñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ, êóëüòóðíàÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòü, ãðåêî-ðèìñêèé áèêóëüòóðàëèçì.
Ëþáîâü ê îòå÷åñòâó (amor patriae) ñàìè ðèìëÿíå âñåãäà ðàññìàòðèâàëè êàê ñâîþ îòëè÷èòåëüíóþ ÷åðòó. Ñóùíîñòü ýòîãî ðèìñêîãî ïàòðèîòèçìà, îñíîâàííîãî íà ãðàæäàíñêî-îáùèííûõ ñâÿçÿõ è íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàííîãî ñ ãëàâíûìè ìîðàëüíûìè öåííîñòÿìè ðèìñêîãî íàðîäà [1] (âêëþ÷àÿ è ÷óâñòâî ÷åñòè [2, p. 89]), íàèáîëåå ïîëíî è åìêî áûëà ñôîðìóëèðîâàíà Öèöåðîíîì. Ïî ñëîâàì îðàòîðà, «èç âñåõ îáùåñòâåííûõ ñâÿçåé äëÿ êàæäîãî èç íàñ íàèáîëåå âàæíû, íàèáîëåå äîðîãè íàøè ñâÿçè ñ ãîñóäàðñòâîì. Äîðîãè íàì ðîäèòåëè, äîðîãè äåòè, ðîäñòâåííèêè, áëèçêèå, äðóçüÿ, íî îòå÷åñòâî îäíî îõâàòèëî âñå ïðèâÿçàííîñòè âñåõ ëþäåé. Êàêîé ÷åñòíûé ÷åëîâåê ïîêîëåáëåòñÿ ïîéòè çà íåãî íà ñìåðòü, åñëè îí ýòèì ïðèíåñåò åìó ïîëüçó?1» (De off. I. 17. 57. Ïåð. Â. Î. Ãîðåíøòåéíà). Ïðè ýòîì Öèöåðîí îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî ó ðèìñêèõ ãðàæäàí èç ìóíèöèïèåâ èìååòñÿ äâå ðîäèíû: îäíà ïî ðîæäåíèþ, äðóãàÿ ïî ãðàæäàíñòâó (unam naturae, alteram civitatis), îäíà ïî ìåñòíîñòè è äðóãàÿ ïî ïðàâó (alteram loci patriam, alteram iuris). Íî áåçóñëîâíûé ïðèîðèòåò îí îòäàåò âòîðîé: «ïî ÷óâñòâó ïðèâÿçàííîñòè, êàêîå îíà â íàñ âûçûâàåò, äîëæíà ñòîÿòü íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå òà ðîäèíà, áëàãîäàðÿ êîòîðîé íàçâàíèå “ãîñóäàðñòâî” îõâàòûâàåò âñþ íàøó ãðàæäàíñêóþ îáùèíó. Çà íåå ìû äîëæíû áûòü ãîòîâû óìåðåòü, åé ïîëíîñòüþ ñåáÿ îòäàòü, â íåå âëîæèòü è åé êàê áû ïîñâÿòèòü âñå ñâîè äîñòîèíñòâà» (De leg. II. 2. 5. Ïåð. Â. Î. Ãîðåíøòåéíà).
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ó Öèöåðîíà îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ ìíîãîïëàíîâîñòü êîíöåïòà ðîäèíû, îðãàíè÷åñêîå ñëèÿíèå «ìàëîé ðîäèíû», ãðàæäàíñêîé îáùèíû (civitas) è ãîñóäàðñòâà (res publica) â åäèíîå ïîíÿòèå îòå÷åñòâà — patria [6, ñ. 24]. Ýòî ïàòðèîòèçì ãðàæäàíñòâåííûé, ãîñóäàðñòâåííè÷åñêèé è ðîìîöåíòðè÷íûé.  òî æå âðåìÿ óæå èç ïðîöèòèðîâàííûõ ñóæäåíèé ÿâñòâóåò, ÷òî êëàññè÷åñêèé àíòè÷íûé ãðàæäàíñêî-îáùèííûé ïàòðèîòèçì â Ðèìå èçíà÷àëüíî îòëè÷àëñÿ ñâîåîáðàçèåì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïàòðèîòèçìîì ãðå÷åñêîãî ïîëèñíîãî ìèðà. Ýòî ñâîåîáðàçèå íå ñâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî ê ñïåöèôè÷åñêîìó «äâîéíîìó ãðàæäàíñòâó» (â ìóíèöèïèè è Ðèìå) èëè ê ðàçãðàíè÷åíèþ ïîíÿòèé «ïðîèñõîæäåíèå» (origo) è «ãðàæäàíñòâî» (civitas)2, ïðè÷åì ãðàæäàíñòâî ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè — ñîáñòâåííî ðèìñêîå è ëàòèíñêîå. Åñëè ãîâîðèòü â ñàìîì îáùåì âèäå, òî âàæíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî Ðèì èçíà÷àëüíî ôîðìèðîâàëñÿ êàê îòêðûòîå îáùåñòâî, ÷òî â ïåðñïåêòèâå ïîçâîëèëî èçáåæàòü êàê îäíîñòîðîííåé îðèåíòàöèè íà òðàäèöèè çàìêíóòîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî êîëëåêòèâà, òàê è ðàñòâîðåíèÿ ýòèõ òðàäèöèé â ñòðóêòóðå ìèðîâîé äåðæàâû [8].
Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî ðèìñêèé ïàòðèîòèçì ñ óñòàíîâëåíèåì ïðèíöèïàòà è ôîðìèðîâàíèåì ìèðîâîé äåðæàâû ïðåòåðïåâàåò îïðåäåëåííûå òðàíñôîðìàöèè, îáóñëîâëåííûå ñàìûìè ðàçíîîáðàçíûìè ôàêòîðàìè. Ïîñêîëüêó ñóòüþ ëþáîãî ïàòðèîòèçìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå è ñîçíàòåëüíîå îòîæäåñòâëåíèå èíäèâèäà èëè ñ.289 ãðóïïû ñ òîé èëè èíîé ïîëèòè÷åñêîé, ñîöèàëüíîé, ýòíè÷åñêîé, êóëüòóðíîé ëèáî ðåëèãèîçíîé îáùíîñòüþ, èññëåäîâàíèå äàííûõ òðàíñôîðìàöèé íåâîçìîæíî áåç ïðèñòàëüíîãî âíèìàíèÿ ê ïðîáëåìàì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è áûòîâàíèÿ (ïåðåæèâàíèÿ) êîëëåêòèâíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ ñóáúåêòîâ. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ïðîáëåìàòèêà çàêîíîìåðíî âûäâèíóëàñü â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ â êà÷åñòâå îäíîãî èç ïðèîðèòåòîâ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, â òîì ÷èñëå àíòèêîâåä÷åñêèõ [9]. Ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ïîëèòè÷åñêèì, ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûì è èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûì êîíòåêñòîì ïîñëåäíèõ äåñÿòèëåòèé XX è íà÷àëà XXI â., ñâÿçàííûì ñ ôåíîìåíàìè ãëîáàëèçàöèè, ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçìà, âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ íîâûõ íàöèîíàëüíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ è ò. ä.3 Ïîíÿòèå èäåíòè÷íîñòè ïðèîáðåëî êëþ÷åâîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ âûðàáîòêè íîâîãî âçãëÿäà íà ìåõàíèçìû (ñàìî)îïðåäåëåíèÿ, õàðàêòåð è âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ ãðóïï, äëÿ ïîíèìàíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ñâîåîáðàçèÿ îáùåñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ, êîíòèíóèòåòà è äèñêîíòèíóèòåòà â èõ ðàçâèòèè. Êîíêðåòíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ âåäóòñÿ â äâóõ îñíîâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ. Âî-ïåðâûõ, èçó÷àþòñÿ ôàêòîðû è ìåõàíèçìû êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûõ èäåíòè÷íîñòåé (âêëþ÷àÿ ìèô è èñòîðè÷åñêóþ ïàìÿòü), ñîçäàíèÿ îáðàçà «äðóãîãî», èçìåíåíèÿ ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû è ò. ä. Ïîíÿòèå «èäåíòè÷íîñòü» â ýòèõ àñïåêòàõ ñòàëî îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå âîñòðåáîâàííûõ è â èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ïî èñòîðèè Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè4. Ïðè ýòîì ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ òàê íàçûâàåìàÿ «àãðåãàòèâíàÿ» èäåíòè÷íîñòü, ñòðîÿùàÿñÿ íà ðàçäåëÿåìûõ â äàííîé ãðóïïå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿõ, öåííîñòÿõ, îáðàçå æèçíè, è èäåíòè÷íîñòü «êîíòðàñòèâíàÿ» (èëè «îïïîçèöèîíàëüíàÿ»), îñíîâàííàÿ íà ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíèè äàííîé ñîöèàëüíîé ãðóïïû äðóãèì (íàèáîëåå èçâåñòíûå ïðèìåðû — «ýëëèíû» è «âàðâàðû», «õðèñòèàíå» è «ÿçû÷íèêè»).
Âî-âòîðûõ, ïðîáëåìû ñîöèîêóëüòóðíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè øèðîêî èññëåäóþòñÿ íà ìàòåðèàëå îòäåëüíûõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò ãîâîðèòü îá îñîáîé èíäèâèäóàëüíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè àâòîðîâ è î ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäàõ ëèòåðàòóðíûõ äèñêóðñîâ êàê ñðåäñòâàõ êîíñòðóèðîâàíèÿ êóëüòóðíîé, ýòíè÷åñêîé, ñîöèàëüíî-ãðóïïîâîé, ãåíäåðíîé è ïðî÷èõ èäåíòè÷íîñòåé. Íî â òàêèõ ðàáîòàõ ÷àñòî ïåðâè÷íûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñêîðåå ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèé, à íå ñîáñòâåííî èñòîðè÷åñêèé èíòåðåñ. Íàèáîëåå ïîêàçàòåëüíû â ýòîì ïëàíå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ïîñâÿùåííûå ìåñòó Âòîðîé ñîôèñòèêè è Ãðå÷åñêîãî âîçðîæäåíèÿ â êóëüòóðå è îáùåñòâå Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè (ñì., â ÷àñòíîñòè: [19—
Ðîëü ýòó, â ñàìîì äåëå, òðóäíî ïåðåîöåíèòü, èáî õàðàêòåðíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè â ïåðèîä åå ðàñöâåòà áûë ãðåêî-ðèìñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ñèíòåç, ñâîåãî ðîäà «öèâèëèçàöèîííûé äóàëèçì», ïðîÿâëÿâøèéñÿ â äâîéíîé ãðåêî-ðèìñêîé êóëüòóðíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè [37]. Åñòü âåñîìûå îñíîâàíèÿ óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ýòî áûëà ãðåêî-ðèìñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ, â êîòîðîé âëàñòü áûëà ðèìñêîé, à êóëüòóðà ãðå÷åñêîé [38]. Òî÷íåå ñêàçàòü, â Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè ñîñóùåñòâîâàëè äâå ãîñïîäñòâóþùèå ýëèòàðíûå êóëüòóðû, ïðè÷åì îäíà áûëà áîëåå ïðåñòèæíîé èìåííî ïîòîìó, ÷òî áûëà äðåâíåå è ïîâëèÿëà íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå äðóãîé [39]. Ñàì ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è óïðî÷åíèÿ ðèìñêîé äåðæàâû, ñ õðîíîëîãè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, øåë ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ ýëëèíèçàöèåé Ðèìà (ïðåæäå âñåãî åãî ýëèòû), íà÷àâøåéñÿ åùå â III â. äî í. ý.6 Ïðè ýòîì ðèìëÿíå íå ïðîñòî èìïîðòèðîâàëè è àäàïòèðîâàëè ãðå÷åñêóþ êóëüòóðó — îíè ïîìåùàëè ñåáÿ â åå òðàäèöèþ. Ïî ìåòêîìó çàìå÷àíèþ À. Ìîìèëüÿíî, «ðèìëÿíå âñåãäà ñóäèëè î ñàìèõ ñåáå ñ îãëÿäêîé íà ãðåêîâ» [47]. Áîëåå òîãî, ìîæíî äàæå ñêàçàòü, ÷òî Ãðåöèÿ âñåãäà íàõîäèëàñü ñ Ðèìîì â äâîéñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèè èäåíòè÷íîñòè è èíàêîâîñòè [48—
Îñîáîå ïîëîæåíèå ãðåêîâ è ãðå÷åñêîé êóëüòóðû â Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè îòíþäü íå áûëî ñëåäñòâèåì ýëëèíîôèëüñòâà îòäåëüíûõ ðèìñêèõ ïðàâèòåëåé èëè èíòåëëåêòóàëîâ. Îíî ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê ïðèíöèïèàëüíàÿ óñòàíîâêà, æèçíåííî íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ èíòåãðàöèè îáøèðíîãî, êóëüòóðíî è ýòíè÷åñêè ðàçíîðîäíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà, êîòîðûì ðèìëÿíå óïðàâëÿëè in utraque lingua7. Ïî ñïðàâåäëèâîìó çàìå÷àíèþ Ã. Áàóýðñîêà, «ãðå÷åñêèé ÿçûê è ìèôè÷åñêîå è ñèìâîëè÷åñêîå íàñëåäèå [Ãðåöèè] ñëóæèëè äëÿ èíòåãðàöèè ðàçíîîáðàçíîãî ìèðà, êîòîðûé áûë è ïðîäîëæàë îñòàâàòüñÿ ñåìèòñêèì, ïåðñèäñêèì, ãðå÷åñêèì è ðèìñêèì îäíîâðåìåííî» [52]. Òàêîìó îòíîøåíèþ, áåçóñëîâíî, ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà èçâåñòíàÿ îòêðûòîñòü ðèìñêîé êóëüòóðû è â îáùåì-òî ñìèðåííîå ïðèçíàíèå ðèìëÿíàìè êóëüòóðíîãî ïðåâîñõîäñòâà ãðåêîâ8. Ðèìëÿíå ñ÷èòàëè âïîëíå âîçìîæíûì ãîâîðèòü íà îäíîì ÿçûêå è ïèñàòü íà äðóãîì, ïåðåâîäèòü ñâîè òåêñòû íà ãðå÷åñêèé è äàæå îòêðûòî ïðèçíàâàëè ïåðåâîä âàæíûì êîìïîíåíòîì ñîáñòâåííîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè [53, p. 111—
Èìåííî â òàêîì ïðîáëåìíîì êîíòåêñòå áûëî áû èíòåðåñíî îáðàòèòüñÿ ê âîïðîñó î òðàíñôîðìàöèè ðèìñêîãî ïàòðèîòèçìà â ýïîõó Èìïåðèè, êîãäà â óñëîâèÿõ ïîëèýòíè÷åñêîé, ðàçíîïëåìåííîé äåðæàâû9 ñîçäàåòñÿ äîìèíèðóþùåå ïðîñòðàíñòâî åäèíîé ãðåêî-ðèìñêîé êóëüòóðû è â ÷èñëî ïàòðèîòîâ Ðèìà âõîäÿò ïîòîìêè åãî â÷åðàøíèõ ïðîòèâíèêîâ. Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå ïîýòîìó ìû ñîñðåäîòî÷èì íà âêëàäå ãðåêîâ â ýâîëþöèþ ðèìñêîãî ïàòðèîòèçìà. Ñëåäóåò, êîíå÷íî, îãîâîðèòü, ÷òî ðå÷ü ïîéäåò ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì î ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿõ òîé ýëëèíñêîé (ýëëèíèçèðîâàííîé) èíòåëëåêòóàëüíîé ýëèòû è âåðõóøêè ãðå÷åñêèõ ãîðîäîâ Èìïåðèè, êîòîðàÿ â íàèáîëüøåé ñòåïåíè âûèãðàëà îò óñòàíîâëåíèÿ ðèìñêîé âëàñòè è îõîòíî ñ íåé ñîòðóäíè÷àëà, â òîì ÷èñëå è â èäåîëîãè÷åñêîé ñôåðå (õîòÿ è äîïóñêàëà ïîä÷àñ îïðåäåëåííóþ «ôðîíäó» ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ðèìëÿíàì10). Òàê èëè èíà÷å, íî ìíåíèå, âûñêàçàííîå â ñâîå âðåìÿ À. Äæîíñîì, ÷òî Ðèìñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ, ïî-âèäèìîìó, íèêîãäà íå âûçûâàëà àêòèâíîãî ïàòðèîòèçìà ó áîëüøèíñòâà åå ãðàæäàí [60], íóæäàåòñÿ â êðèòè÷åñêîé ïðîâåðêå.
Ñàìè ãðåêè, ïðèçíàâàÿ íåîñïîðèìóþ ðîëü Ðèìà â óñòàíîâëåíèè áëàãîòâîðíîãî pax Romana, òåì íå ìåíåå ïîä÷åðêèâàëè è ýëëèíñêóþ îñíîâó ýòîãî ìèðîïîðÿäêà, êàê ïîêàçûâàþò, ê ïðèìåðó, ñëîâà Ýëèÿ Àðèñòèäà â åãî «Ïîõâàëå Ðèìó»: «Ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ óïîðÿäî÷åííàÿ æèçíü íà÷àëàñü ñ Àôèí è óòâåðäèëàñü â íàøå âðåìÿ: âû ïðèøëè âòîðûìè, íî îêàçàëèñü ëó÷øèìè» (Or. XXVI. 101 Keil). Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ ìûñëü çâó÷èò è ó Ñòðàáîíà, êîòîðûé, ïîëåìèçèðóÿ ñ Ýôîðîì, óòâåðæäàâøèì, ÷òî áåîòèéöû óñòàíîâèëè ñâîå ãîñïîäñòâî ëèøü íà êîðîòêîå âðåìÿ èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî ïðåíåáðåãàëè íàóêàìè, óêàçûâàåò: «Ýôîðó ñëåäîâàëî áû äîáàâèòü, ÷òî âñå ýòî ïîëåçíî, êîãäà èìååøü äåëî ñ ãðåêàìè, íî ñèëà äåéñòâåííåå ðàçóìà â îòíîøåíèÿõ ñ âàðâàðàìè. È ðèìëÿíå â äðåâíîñòè, âîþÿ ñ äèêèìè ïëåìåíàìè, âîâñå íå íóæäàëèñü â òàêèõ ñðåäñòâàõ ïðîñâåùåíèÿ, íî ñ òîãî âðåìåíè êàê ñòàëè èìåòü äåëî ñ áîëåå êóëüòóðíûìè íàðîäàìè è ïëåìåíàìè, îíè îáðàòèëèñü ê òàêîìó æå îáðàçîâàíèþ è ñäåëàëèñü âëàäûêàìè íàä âñåìè» (ïåð. Ã. À. Ñòðàòàíîâñêîãî). Âåñüìà ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî òàêæå è òî, ÷òî Ñòðàáîí â êîíöå ñâîåãî òðóäà (XVII. 3. 24) íàçûâàåò ðèìñêóþ äåðæàâó «íàøåé îéêóìåíîé» (ἡ καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένη).
Íàäî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî «ýêóìåíè÷åñêàÿ» èäåÿ, îòîæäåñòâëÿâøàÿ Ðèìñêóþ äåðæàâó è îáèòàåìûé ìèð, â ïåðèîä Èìïåðèè ïîëó÷àåò ïðèçíàíèå è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íå òîëüêî ó ðèìñêèõ àâòîðîâ è îôèöèàëüíûõ âëàñòåé, íî è ñðåäè ãðåêîâ. Ðèìëÿíå îáîçíà÷àëè ñâîè âëàäåíèÿ è ïîääàííûõ êàê imperium orbis terrarum, gentes, genus humanum, cunctae gentes. Õàðàêòåðåí â ýòîì ïëàíå ïàññàæ â «Ðèòîðèêå ê Ãåðåííèþ» (IV. 13): illud imperium orbis terrarum, cui imperio omnes gentes, reges, nationes… consenserunt («ýòà ìèðîâàÿ äåðæàâà, ñ âëàñòüþ êîòîðîé ñîãëàñèëèñü âñå ïëåìåíà, öàðè, íàðîäû…»).  ýòîì æå ïàññàæå âïåðâûå â ëàòèíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ âûðàæåíèå imperium populi Romani — «äåðæàâà ðèìñêîãî íàðîäà», êîòîðîå ïîòîì áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàíî â çàãëàâèè «Äåÿíèé Áîæåñòâåííîãî Àâãóñòà»: Rerum gestarum divi Augusti quibus orbem terrarum imperio populi Romano subiecit (RgdA. 1. 1). Îò ïåðèîäà Ðåñïóáëèêè ïîíÿòèå imperium êàê ìèðîâîé äåðæàâû ïðîøëî äîëãèé ïóòü ðàçâèòèÿ (ñì.: [61]), íî óæå â ïåðèîä ðàííåé Èìïåðèè Ðèì è ìèð ôàêòè÷åñêè îòîæäåñòâëÿëèñü; ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â óïîòðåáëåíèå âõîäèò âûðàæåíèå orbis Romanus [62]. Ïðèìå÷àòåëåí â ýòîì ïëàíå òîò ôàêò, ÷òî óæå â
Íå ìåíåå ïîêàçàòåëüíà â ýòîì ïëàíå ðèòîðèêà îôèöèàëüíûõ ýïèãðàôè÷åñêèõ òåêñòîâ, êàê ëàòèíñêèõ, òàê è ãðå÷åñêèõ, à òàêæå ìîíåòíûõ ëåãåíä. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå òåêñòû áûëè ñîáðàíû è ïîäðîáíî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû À. Ìàñòèíî [67].  íèõ ðèìñêèå èìïåðàòîðû ïðåäñòàþò êàê ïðàâèòåëè âñåãî çåìíîãî øàðà, âëàñòâóþùèå íàä âñåé ñóøåé è ìîðÿìè. Îãðàíè÷èìñÿ íåñêîëüêèìè ïðèìåðàìè. Òàê, â íàäïèñè èç Ïèçû îò 4 ã. í. ý. Àâãóñò íàçâàí custos imperii Romani totiusque orbis terrarum praeses — «õðàíèòåëü ðèìñêîé äåðæàâû è ïðàâèòåëü ìèðà» (CIL XI. 1421 = ILS 140). Òèáåðèé â ãðå÷åñêîé íàäïèñè èç Ìèðû èìåíóåòñÿ αὐτοκράτωρ γῆς καὶ θαλάσσης, ὁ εὐεργέτης καἰ ὁ σωτῆρ τοῦ σύμπαντος κόσμου — «âëàäûêà çåìëè è ìîðÿ, áëàãîäåòåëü è ñïàñèòåëü âñåãî ìèðà» (IGR III. 689 = 721). Êëàâäèé â íàäïèñè ñ Ëåñáîñà ïðîâîçãëàøàåòñÿ «ñïàñèòåëåì îéêóìåíû» — ὁ σωτὴρ τἰς οέκουμένας (IG XII. 2541), à Íåðîí â îäíîì èç ýïèãðàôè÷åñêèõ òåêñòîâ ôèãóðèðóåò êàê «ãîñïîäèí âñåãî ìèðà» — ὁ τοῦ παντὸς κόσμου κύριος Νέρων (IG VII. 2713 = ILS 8794), Âåñïàñèàí æå ïðåäñòàâëåí êàê «áëàãîäåòåëü âñåëåííîé» — ὁ εὐεργέτας τᾶς οἰκουμένας (IG XII 543). Òðàÿí â êðèòñêîé íàäïèñè íàçâàí ὁ τῆς οἰκουμένης κτίστης — «îñíîâàòåëü âñåëåííîé» (IGR I. 978). Ìàðê Àâðåëèé è Ëóöèé Âåð â íàäïèñè èç Ðóââàôû (Ñàóäîâñêàÿ Àðàâèÿ) âïåðâûå óäîñòàèâàþòñÿ íàèìåíîâàíèÿ κοσμοκράτορες (AE 1958, 234 = 1977, 834 A).
Ïðèìå÷àòåëüíî òàêæå, ÷òî â çíàìåíèòîì Ãèññåíñêîì ïàïèðóñå (P. Giss. 40, 1) î äàðîâàíèè ïðàâ ðèìñêîãî ãðàæäàíñòâà Êàðàêàëëîé ñêàçàíî òàê: δίδωμι τοίνυν ἅπασιν τοῖς κατοκοῦσιν τὴν οἰκουμένην πολιτείαν Ρωμαίων — «ÿ äàðóþ íûíå ðèìñêîå ãðàæäàíñòâî âñåì æèòåëÿì îéêóìåíû»11.
Ìîæíî, êîíå÷íî, âî âñåé ýòîé ôðàçåîëîãèè âèäåòü íå ÷òî èíîå, êàê âûðàæåíèå âåðíîïîääàííè÷åñêèõ ÷óâñòâ è îôèöèàëüíîãî «ïðîïàãàíäèñòñêîãî» äèñêóðñà. Õàðàêòåðíî, îäíàêî, ÷òî è â ëàòèíñêèõ, è â ãðå÷åñêèõ òåêñòàõ ðàâíî ïðèñóòñòâóåò îòîæäåñòâëåíèå Ðèìñêîé èìïåðèè è âñåãî îáèòàåìîãî ìèðà, ïðè÷åì íàõîäÿùèõñÿ ïîä âëàñòüþ ðèìñêîãî èìïåðàòîðà. Òàêîãî ðîäà òîïîñû èìïëèöèòíî ñìåøèâàþò â îáùóþ ìàññó è ðèìëÿí, è íåðèìëÿí, ïîäðàçóìåâàÿ, ÷òî âñå ëþäè ðàâíû â îáùåé ïîä÷èíåííîñòè èìïåðàòîðó [68]. Èìïåðàòîðû ïðè ýòîì ïðåäñòàþò íå òîëüêî êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêèå âëàñòèòåëè, íî è êàê ïðèðîäíàÿ ñèëà. Òàê, ó Âàëåðèÿ Ìàêñèìà Òèáåðèþ ïðèíàäëåæèò «âëàäû÷åñòâî íàä ìîðåì» — regimen maris (Val. Max. praef.; ñð.: Hor. Carm. IV. 5. 17—
Îòîæäåñòâëåíèå Ðèìà è ìèðà ïèòàëîñü â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îãðîìíîñòüþ ðàçìåðîâ è ðàçíîîáðàçèåì íàñåëåíèÿ Èìïåðèè, êîòîðûå ïðåêðàñíî îñîçíàâàëèñü ñîâðåìåííèêàìè. Ñîãëàñíî øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîìó òîïîñó, ãðàíèöàìè ðèìñêîé äåðæàâû ìûñëèëèñü òå êðàÿ, ãäå âñõîäèò è çàõîäèò ñîëíöå (ñð., íàïðèìåð: Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. I. 3. 3; App. Rom., proem. 35). Ïî ñëîâàì Îâèäèÿ (Fast. II. 683—
Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo: Romanae spatium est Urbis et Orbis idem «Çåìëè íàðîäîâ äðóãèõ îãðàíè÷åíû òâåðäûì ïðåäåëîì; (ïåð. Ô. À. Ïåòðîâñêîãî). |
Ïîçäíåðèìñêèé ïîýò Ðóòèëèé Íàìàöèàí, îáðàùàÿñü ê áîãèíå Ðîìå, âûðàæàåòñÿ íå ìåíåå êðàñíîðå÷èâî:
Âñòàâ èç òâîèõ æå çåìåëü, â òâîè æå îïóñòèòñÿ çåìëè Ñàì âñåîáúåìëþùèé Ôåá, ì÷àñü ïî òåáå ëèøü îäíîé, Ïëàìåíü Ëèâèéñêèõ ïóñòûíü òåáÿ óäåðæàòü íå ñïîñîáåí, È íå ïîìåõà òåáå õîëîä àðêòè÷åñêèõ çâåçä. Ñêîëü ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ ââûñü æèâîòâîðíàÿ íàøà ïðèðîäà, Ñòîëü æå äîñòóïíà çåìëÿ äîáëåñòè, Ðîìà, òâîåé. Ðàçíûì íàðîäàì åäèíóþ òû ïîäàðèëà îò÷èçíó12, Áëàãî — ïîä âëàñòüþ òâîåé èì áåççàêîíüå çàáûòü. Òû ïîáåæäåííûì äàëà ó÷àñòèå â ñîáñòâåííîì ïðàâå, Òî, ÷òî áûëî — âåñü ìèð, ãîðîäîì ñòàëî îäíèì. <…> Êàæäûé ðèìñêèé ïðåäåë òåáÿ ïðîñëàâëÿåò, áîãèíÿ, È íà ñâîáîäíûõ ïëå÷àõ ãíåò ìèðîòâîðíûé íåñåò. Çâåçäû, êîòîðûå ìèð áëþäóò â âåêîâå÷íîì äâèæåíüå, Áîëåå ñëàâíóþ âëàñòü âèäåòü íèãäå íå ìîãëè. Ðàçâå òàêîå ìîãëè ñïëîòèòü ìå÷è àññèðèÿí? Äàæå ìèäèéñêàÿ âëàñòü äàëüøå ñîñåäåé íå øëà. (De reditu suo. I. 57— |
ñ.292 Ýòà æå ìûñëü ïðîâîäèòñÿ è â «Ïîõâàëå Ðèìó» Ýëèÿ Àðèñòèäà, ïî ñëîâàì êîòîðîãî (Or. XXVI. 61; 62 Keil) ãîðîä Ðèì ãðàíèöàìè è çåìëÿìè ñâîèìè èìååò âåñü íàñåëåííûé ìèð è ïðèåìëåò ëþäåé âñåé çåìëè. Èìåííî îãðîìíîñòü è ðàçíîîáðàçèå ýòîãî ìèðà, ïî óáåæäåíèþ ìíîãèõ àíòè÷íûõ àâòîðîâ, òðåáîâàëè ïåðåäà÷è âëàñòè â îäíè ðóêè. Ýòà ìûñëü ÷åòêî âûðàæåíà, íàïðèìåð, ó Ñòðàáîíà13 (VI. 4. 2) è â ðå÷è Ìåöåíàòà ó Äèîíà Êàññèÿ14.
Âìåñòå ñ òåì ñàìà Èìïåðèÿ ðèìëÿí ðàññìàòðèâàëàñü êàê âïîëíå çàêîííîå ðàñøèðåíèå îäíîãî ïîëèñà — Ðèìà15, à íå êàêîãî-òî íàðîäà (ñð.: [70]). Ïî ñëîâàì Äèîíà Êàññèÿ, «…ëèøü îí îäèí ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì ãîðîäîì, à èõ ñîáñòâåííûå — ýòî ëèøü äåðåâíè è ñåëà» (LII. 19. 6; ñð.: XXXVIII. 36. 2; XLI. 56. 1; LXXIV. 11. 3; LXXVIII. 26. 1). Ðèì ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ íå ïðîñòî êàê ñòîëèöà è êàê ñèìâîëè÷åñêèé îáúåäèíÿþùèé öåíòð âñåé äåðæàâû16 è äàæå âñåé îéêóìåíû (caput mundi, caput orbis terrarum [Cod. Iust. I. 17. 10]), ïðèòÿãèâàþùèé îòîâñþäó ÷åëîâå÷åñêèå, ìàòåðèàëüíûå è èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûå ðåñóðñû, êàêèì îí ïðåäñòàåò â òîé òåìïîðàëüíîé è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé êàðòèíå ìèðà, êîòîðóþ ðèñóåò â ñâîåé «Ãåîãðàôèè» Ñòðàáîí. Îí âûñòóïàåò è êàê îáùàÿ ðîäèíà âñåõ ðèìñêèõ ãðàæäàí — communis nostra patria (Dig. 50. 1. 33; ñð. 48. 22. 18). Ñëåäóåò ïîýòîìó ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ ìíåíèåì Ê. Àíäî, ïî ñëîâàì êîòîðîãî «the existence of the communis patria relied not on any genuine identity between the patriotic sentiments of its members, but on their faith in the existence of such an identity. The components of that faith were manifold, but they all began with, indeed, were predicated upon, the universality of Rome and her emperors: for these were the men who provided and participated in the symbolic representation of Romanitas, who wrote and featured in the res gestae populi Romani, and who defined and defended the orbis Romanus» [71]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðèìñêèé ïàòðèîòèçì ñîõðàíÿë ñâîé, òàê ñêàçàòü, ðîìîöåíòðè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð, íåñìîòðÿ íà âñþ èíòåíñèâíóþ êîñìîïîëèòèçàöèþ ñàìîé ñòîëèöû Èìïåðèè17.
 ñîçíàíèè ðèìëÿí Èòàëèÿ êàê ìåòðîïîëèÿ ðèìñêîé âëàñòè è ðèìñêîãî íàðîäà òàêæå çàíèìàëà ñîâåðøåííî îñîáîå ìåñòî è â ïåðèîä Èìïåðèè. Ïëèíèé Ñòàðøèé (NH. III. 38) êðàñíîðå÷èâî íàçûâàåò åå «êîðìèëèöåé è ðîäèòåëüíèöåé âñåõ çåìåëü, èçáðàííîé áîæåñòâåííûì ïðîâèäåíèåì, ÷òîáû åùå áîëüøå ïðîñëàâèòü ñàìî íåáî, ÷òîáû îáúåäèíèòü ðàçðîçíåííûå äåðæàâû è ñìÿã÷èòü îáû÷àè, ñîåäèíèòü âîåäèíî íåáëàãîçâó÷íûå è ãðóáûå ÿçûêè ñòîëü ìíîãèõ íàðîäîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ óç åäèíîé ðå÷è, ÷òîáû äàòü ÷åëîâå÷åñòâó öèâèëèçîâàííîñòü è ñòàòü åäèíûì îòå÷åñòâîì äëÿ âñåõ íàðîäîâ íà çåìëå»18. Âèòðóâèé ïîä÷åðêèâàë (VI. 1. 10—
Ñëåäóåò äàëåå îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ãðåêè íàøëè îáùóþ ïî÷âó ñ ðèìëÿíàìè â äèàëåêòèêå öèâèëèçàöèè è âàðâàðñòâà19, ïðåäñòàâëÿÿ ñåáÿ êàê òâîðöîâ öèâèëèçàöèè è ðàññìàòðèâàÿ ðèìëÿí êàê àãåíòîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ èõ êóëüòóðû â ìèðå [76] (ñð.: [77]). Òàê, ïî ñëîâàì Ñòðàáîíà (II. 5. 26), «äàæå áåäíûå îáëàñòè, ïðåæäå íàñåëåííûå ëèøü ðàçáîéíèêàìè, ñòàíîâÿòñÿ êóëüòóðíûìè, êàê òîëüêî ïîëó÷àþò õîðîøèõ ïðàâèòåëåé. <…> Ðèìëÿíå, ïîä÷èíèâ ñâîåìó âëàäû÷åñòâó ìíîãî ïëåìåí îò ïðèðîäû äèêèõ â ñèëó óñëîâèé ìåñòíîñòåé, ïîòîìó ÷òî ýòî áûëè ñêàëèñòûå ìåñòíîñòè, ëèøåííûå ãàâàíåé, õîëîäíûå èëè ïî êàêîé-ëèáî äðóãîé ïðè÷èíå íåóäîáíûå äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ áîëüøîé ìàññû íàñåëåíèÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì íå òîëüêî çàñòàâèëè íàðîäû, äî ñèõ ïîð ðàçîáùåííûå, âñòóïèòü â îáùåíèå äðóã ñ äðóãîì, íî è íàó÷èëè äàæå áîëåå äèêèõ öèâèëèçîâàííîé æèçíè» (ïåð. Ã. À. Ñòðàòàíîâñêîãî). Âìåñòå ñ òåì âàæíî ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ðèìëÿíå, çàèìñòâîâàâ ó ýëëèíîâ êîíöåïöèþ «ïðîñâåùåííîñòè», öèâèëèçàöèè — humanitas, íàïîëíèëè åå âî ìíîãîì íîâûì ñîäåðæàíèåì è ñäåëàëè ñóùåñòâåííîé ÷àñòüþ ñâîåé ïîëèòè÷åñêîé è êóëüòóðíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè (ñì.: [78—
Äîñòóï â ïðàâÿùèé ñëîé Èìïåðèè îïðåäåëÿëñÿ íå ïî ýòíè÷åñêîìó, ðàñîâîìó, ÿçûêîâîìó, ðåëèãèîçíîìó èëè êóëüòóðíîìó ïðèçíàêó, íî ïî áîãàòñòâó è âëèÿòåëüíîñòè íà ìåñòàõ. Ýòîìó ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà ðèìñêàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ ãðàæäàíñòâà, êîòîðàÿ ñ ñàìîãî ðàííåãî âðåìåíè ñèëüíî îòëè÷àëàñü îò òîé, ÷òî ñóùåñòâîâàëà â äðóãèõ ñðåäèçåìíîìîðñêèõ ãîðîäàõ-ãîñóäàðñòâàõ. Ðèìñêîå ãðàæäàíñòâî áûëî ïðåæäå âñåãî ïðàâîâûì ñòàòóñîì, êîòîðûé ìîæíî áûëî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü ad infinitum, ÷òî â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå è ïðîèçîøëî â ðåçóëüòàòå ýäèêòà Êàðàêàëëû 212 ã. í. ý. Ñàì ýòîò àêò áûë â íåìàëîé ñòåïåíè îáóñëîâëåí ñïåöèôèêîé ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà [80]. Ðàâíûì îáðàçîì, è ðèìñêàÿ ýòíè÷íîñòü áûëà íåîáû÷íà äëÿ äðåâíåãî Ñðåäèçåìíîìîðüÿ ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî íåáîëüøîãî (îñîáåííî ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãðåêàìè) çíà÷åíèÿ, êîòîðîå ïðèäàâàëîñü ïðîèñõîæäåíèþ [81]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, âàæíûì ïðåèìóùåñòâîì ðèìëÿí áûëà ñàìà îòêðûòîñòüþ èõ ãðàæäàíñêîãî êîëëåêòèâà è ïðàâÿùåé ýëèòû, ÷òî õîðîøî ïîíèìàë åùå èìïåðàòîð Êëàâäèé, îòìå÷àâøèé, ÷òî óÿçâèìîñòü Àôèíñêîé ìîðñêîé äåðæàâû áûëà ñëåäñòâèåì îòêàçà àôèíÿí äîïóñêàòü ïîäâëàñòíûå íàðîäû â ñâîé ãðàæäàíñêèé êîëëåêòèâ è ê îòïðàâëåíèþ âëàñòè, è ýòà èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòü îñíîâûâàëàñü íà ïðèçíàíèè ïðåâîñõîäñòâà ñîáñòâåííîé êóëüòóðû íàä îñòàëüíûìè (ILS 212; Tac. Ann. XI. 24).
Ïîäâîäÿ íåêîòîðûå èòîãè, îòìåòèì, ÷òî â ïåðèîä Èìïåðèè ðèìñêèé ïàòðèîòèçì îáîãàùàåòñÿ ðÿäîì íîâûõ ÷åðò. Äîêòðèíà öèâèëèçàòîðñêîé ìèññèè Ðèìà, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïîíÿòèåì humanitas è îòêðûòîñòüþ ðèìñêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî êîëëåêòèâà, ïðèçíàâàëàñü ãðåêàìè è â èçâåñòíîé ñòåïåíè ïîäêðåïëÿëàñü èõ èäåÿìè. Âîçíèêàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ðèìñêîé äåðæàâå êàê åäèíîì êóëüòóðíî-èñòîðè÷åñêîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå è Ðèìå êàê îáùåé ðîäèíå âñåõ öèâèëèçîâàííûõ æèòåëåé Èìïåðèè. Ìîæíî ïîýòîìó ãîâîðèòü îá îñîáîì «îáùåèìïåðñêîì» ïàòðèîòèçìå. Òàêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îáóñëîâëèâàëèñü òåì ïðîöåññîì, êîòîðûé ìîæíî íàçâàòü «ðåöèïðîêíîé àêêóëüòóðàöèåé» ðèìëÿí è ãðåêîâ [82], â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðîé ôîðìèðîâàëàñü äåéñòâèòåëüíî åäèíàÿ ãðåêî-ðèìñêàÿ êóëüòóðà [83]. Âìåñòå ñ òåì è ðèìñêàÿ, è ãðå÷åñêàÿ ìîäåëè, ðàçóìååòñÿ, íàëàãàëèñü íà øèðîêèé ñïåêòð ëîêàëüíûõ òðàäèöèé è îáùåñòâ, îáðàçóÿ ñâîåîáðàçíóþ öèâèëèçàöèîííóþ ñòðóêòóðó, òàê ÷òî â êàæäîé îòäåëüíîé ïðîâèíöèè è ìèêðîçîíå ñîçäàâàëàñü îñîáàÿ êóëüòóðíî-èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ êîìáèíàöèÿ, ñâîåîáðàçíûå ëîêàëüíûå âàðèàíòû. Òàêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ìåñòíûõ òðàäèöèé è èäåíòè÷íîñòåé ïîääåðæèâàëîñü èìïåðàòîðñêîé âëàñòüþ è ñëóæèëî ïîääåðæàíèþ åäèíñòâà Èìïåðèè [84—
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51. Hidalgo de la Vega M. J. Identidad griega y poder romano en el Alto Imperio: Frontera en los espacios culturales e ideológicos // Fronteras e Identidad en el Mundo Griego Antiguo / Ed. P. López Barja, S. Reboreda. Santiago de Compostela, 2001. P. 139—
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55. Madsen J. M. Intellectual Resistance to Roman Hegemony and its Representativity // Rome and Black Sea Region: Domination, Romanisation, Resistance / Ed. by Tonnes Bekker-Nielsen. Aarhus, 2006. P. 63—
56. Syme R. The Greeks under Roman Rule // Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Third Series. 1957—
57. Jones A. H. M. The Greeks under the Roman Empire // Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 1963. Vol. 17. P. 1—
58. Bowie E. Quid Roma Athenis? How far did imperial Greek sophists or philosophers debate the legitimacy of Roman power? // Ordine e Sovversione nel Mondo Greco e Romano: Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25—
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62. Vogt J. Orbis Romanus. Ein Beitrag zum Sprachgebrauch und zur Vorstellungswelt des römischen Imperialismus // Idem. Orbis. Freiburg; Basel—
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85. Sommer M. Imperiale Macht und locale Identität: Universalhistorische Variationen zu einem regionalhistorischen Thema // Lokale Identität im Römischen Nahen Osten: Kontexte und Perspektiven / Hrsg, M. Blömer, E. Winter. Stuttgart, 2009. S. 235—
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ñ.297
ROMAN PATRIOTISM AND CULTURAL IDENTITY UNDER THE EMPIRE
A. V. Makhlayuk
The article examines some characteristic features of the Roman patriotism under the Empire, tracing their dependence on the specific conditions of a world power (such as the spread of Roman citizenship, involvement of provincial elites in state administration, urbanization and Romanization); at the same time, the author deals with the continuity of republican traditions and values, as well as interrelations of Roman patriotism with the processes and forms of cultural identification among ruling classes and intellectual elites of the Roman world. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of dual Graeco-Roman identity, which largely determined the particularity of the Roman imperial patriotism.
Keywords: patriotism, Ancient Rome, Roman empire, cultural identity, Graeco-Roman biculturalism.
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